|
Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless (unvoiced) or voiced. The term, however, is used to refer to two separate concepts. *Voicing can refer to the ''articulatory process'' in which the vocal cords vibrate. This is its primary use in phonetics to describe phones, which are particular speech sounds. *It can also refer to a classification of speech sounds that tend to be associated with vocal cord vibration but need not actually be voiced at the articulatory level. This is the term's primary use in phonology when describing phonemes, or in phonetics when describing phones. At the articulatory level, a voiced sound is one in which the vocal cords vibrate, and a voiceless sound is one in which they do not. For example, voicing accounts for the difference between the pair of sounds associated with the English letters "s" and "z". The two sounds are transcribed as and to distinguish them from the English letters, which have several possible pronunciations depending on context. If one places the fingers on the voice box (i.e. the location of the Adam's apple in the upper throat), one can feel a vibration when one pronounces ''zzzz'', but not when one pronounces ''ssss''. (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see modal voice and phonation.) In most European languages, with a notable exception being Icelandic, vowels and other sonorants (consonants such as ''m, n, l,'' and ''r)'' are modally voiced. When used to classify speech sounds, voiced and unvoiced are merely labels used to group phones and phonemes together for the purposes of classification. ==Notation== The International Phonetic Alphabet has distinct letters for many voiceless and voiced pairs of consonants (the obstruents), such as . In addition, there is a diacritic for voicedness: ⟨⟩. Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiceless sounds. In Unicode, the symbols are encoded and . The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet have a notation for partial voicing and devoicing: (See that article also for prevoicing.) Partial voicing can mean either light but continuous voicing, discontinuous voicing, or discontinuities in the degree of voicing. For the example, could be an () with (some) voicing in the middle, and could be () with (some) devoicing in the middle. Partial voicing can also be indicated in the normal IPA with transcriptions like and .〔Kretzschmar (1993) ''Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States'', University of Chicago Press, p. 122.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Voice (phonetics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|